Ososayensi baseYunivesithi yaseColumbia bakwazile ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo emibungwini yabantu ngokusebenzisa i-base editing, okuyindlela ehlula umonakalo omkhulu owawuvame ukuvela nge-CRISPR. Leli qhinga, elashicilelwa kule nyanga, linika ithemba lokulungisa izinguquko ezibangela izifo ezitholakala ngofuzo emibungwini. Nokho, liphinde livuselele izingxoxo ezinzulu mayelana nokuziphatha, ikakhulukazi ngokusetshenziswa kwale nqubo ekukhetheni izici ezingezona ezezempilo. Ucwaningo lwethula ithuba nenselelo ngasikhathi sinye emkhakheni wezofuzo.
I-Base Editing Iyahlula Umonakalo Wezakhi Zofuzo We-CRISPR
Ithimba likaDieter Egli lifake izihleli zezisekelo (base editors) emaqandeni avundisiwe nasemibungwini enezinyathelo ezimbili ezanikelwa. Bekuqondiswe izakhi zofuzo ezimbili: i-PCSK9, ehlotshaniswa nezinga eliphezulu le-LDL nezifo zenhliziyo, kanye ne-HBG, eqondisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-hemoglobin ezinganeni. Ososayensi bakwazile ukuguqula zombili lezi zakhi zofuzo, ngesikhathi esisodwa emibungwini eyodwa, ngaphandle kokuthola umonakalo omkhulu wezakhi zofuzo owawuvame nge-CRISPR. Lokhu kuthuthuka kuxazulula inkinga ebalulekile etholwe yilabhoratri kaEgli ngo-2020, lapho i-CRISPR evamile ihluleka ukulungisa inguquko yobumpumputhe obutholakala ngofuzo ku-gene EYS. Ngaleso sikhathi, ingxenye yemibungwi yehluleka ukulungisa ukusikwa, okwaholela ekulahlekelweni izingcezu ezinde ze-DNA noma ukucekelwa phansi kwe-chromosome ngokuphelele. U-Egli wachaza le miphumela njengenemiphumela 'ebulalayo ngokuphelele' enkulumweni neThe New York Times, okwamholela ekushintsheni i-base editing, eyakhiwa nguDavid Liu ngo-2016.
I-Mosaicisme Isengqinamba Enkulu Emibungwini
Noma kunale miphumela emihle, ukusebenza kahle akukafinyeleli ezingeni eliphelele, ngoba izinhlayiya zokuhlela ngezinye izikhathi zihluleka ukuthola isakhi zofuzo okuhlosiwe, okuholela kunhlanganisela yezakhi zofuzo noma i-mosaicisme. Kulesi simo, umbungu unezinyathelo ezinamaziko ahlukene e-same gene, okungadala izinkinga zezempilo uma ukhula uze azalwe. Isazi sokuzala uPaula Amato, wase-Oregon Health & Science University, ongazange abambe iqhaza ocwaningweni, ubheka le ndlela 'njengenethemba,' kodwa wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlola imininingwane yokugcina uma ucwaningo, oluphenywa ngabanye ochwepheshe, lushicilelwa kumagazini wesayensi. Ukuze kuncishiswe i-mosaicisme, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zocwaningo zihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokuhlelwa emibungwini enezinyathelo ezingaba ngu-100, isigaba lapho imitholampilo yokuzala ijwayele ukuqandisa nokuhlola izakhi zofuzo.
Izixwayiso Zesazi Se-Bioethic Ngemiphumela Engaba Khona
Isazi se-bioethic u-Ana Iltis, wase-Wake Forest University, uxwayise ngokuthi ukuphepha okuphelele kuzodinga ukuhlolwa okunzulu kakhulu, ngoba 'kungenzeka ukuthi eminye imiphumela eyingozi ibe sobala kuphela ngemva kokuzalwa.' Lokhu kugcizelela ubunzima bokusebenzisa i-base editing emibungwini, ngoba imiphumela yesikhathi eside ayikwazi ukunqunywa kalula. Ucwaningo luzoqhubeka nokuphenywa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bulungele ukusetshenziswa emitholampilo.
Uxhaso Lwezimali Lwangasese Nezimpikiswano Ezizungeze I-Nucleus Genomics
Njengoba uhulumeni waseMelika engaxhasi izifundo ezigxile emibungwini yabantu ngezimali zomphakathi, isigaba esilandelayo socwaningo sixhaswe yinkampani ezimele i-Nucleus Genomics. Umqondisi wemitholampilo wale nkampani futhi ongumhlanganyeli ocwaningweni, uNathan Treff, ugqugquzele ukuthi ukulungisa izinguquko eziyingozi kuzozuzisa iziguli ze-IVF, okuvumela ukufakwa kwemibungwi engazijwayele ukulahlwa ngenxa yezizathu zezempilo. I-Nucleus Genomics, eyasungulwa ngo-2021, isebenza ekulandeleleni izifo nasekubikezeleni ubungozi besifo sikashukela nezifo zenhliziyo, iphinde ihlaziye izakhi zofuzo ezihlotshaniswa nobude nobuhlakani. Le nkampani idale impikiswano enkulu ngokusabalalisa izikhangiso emzileni wesitimela waseNew York onesiqubulo 'ube nengane yakho engcono,' futhi yagxekwa izazi zofuzo ngokungakwazi ukubikezela i-IQ ngokunembile, kanye nezinsolo zokukhuthaza uhlobo lwe-eugenics eyenziwa ngobuchwepheshe. Umphathi wezokuxhumana wenkampani, uKaitlyn Gallacher, uziphikile lezi zinsolo, ethi inkampani izibona 'njengendlela yemvelo yokuletha ubuchwepheshe obunjalo ekunakekelweni kwemitholampilo njengengxenye yenkundla ebanzi yezofuzo - iqoqo eliphelele lokuThuthukisa Izakhi Zofuzo.'
Ukuphikiswa Kwezazi Zofuzo Nokuvikelwa Kokuhlolwa Okujwayelekile
Isazi sezakhi zofuzo uFyodor Urnov, wase-University of California eBerkeley, uzwakalise ukuphikisa okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwale nqubo emibungwini. U-Urnov uthi ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwe-anomalies ku-IVF, okwenziwe ngokuphepha izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-15 kusukela ngo-1978, kunengqondo kakhulu kunokusebenzisa inqubo ezingozi ezingeke ziqedwe ngokuphelele. 'Eqinisweni, abakwenzayo ukunikeza abathuthukisi bezingane umhlahlandlela wokungenela okweqa imingcele yokuziphatha,' kubhala u-Urnov emeyilini ethunyelwe ephephandabeni. Kodwa, ukusebenza ngempela kokuguqula izici eziyinkimbinkimbi zomuntu kuhlangabezana nobunzima bemvelo, ngoba izici eziningi zomuntu zithonywa amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zezakhi zofuzo. U-Egli waphawula ukuthi ukubhala kabusha izakhi zofuzo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa kukhulisa kakhulu amathuba okwehluleka kwenqubo.
Imikhawulo Yezinto Eziyinkimbinkimbi Nekusasa Lokuhlelwa Emibungwini
Umcwaningi ulinganisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezintathu, ezine noma mhlawumbe ezinhlanu emibungwini efanayo ngokuphepha, kodwa uphetha ngokuthi umkhawulo oqondile walokhu kusebenza usazodinga ukunqunywa yizifundo ezintsha. Ithemba lokuguqula izici eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengobuhlakani noma ubude, lihlala likude ngenxa yethonya lamakhulu ezakhi zofuzo namathuba aphezulu e-mosaicisme ekuhlelweni okuningi. Khonamanjalo, impikiswano yokuziphatha iyaqina: ngakolunye uhlangothi, isithembiso sokwelapha izifo ezitholakala ngofuzo emibungwini; ngakolunye, ukwesaba ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungasetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuthuthukisa izici, ukweqa imingcele yokuziphatha. Umphakathi wesayensi ulindele ukushicilelwa kokugcina kwalolu cwaningo, oluphenywa ngabanye ochwepheshe, ukuze kuhlolwe imininingwane yokuphepha nokusebenza kahle. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, i-base editing emibungwini yabantu ihlala iyithuluzi lokuhlola, elizungezwe amathemba nezingxabano.