Ukuhlushwa kwedijithali okungakaze kubonwe kuhlasela izakhamizi zaseRussia njengoba ziphokophele ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela yama-VPN, omakhalekhukhwini ababili, nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphakathi ukuze zigweme izithiyo ezibekwe uMbuso kaMongameli uVladimir Putin. Umsiki wamaphephandaba waseMoscow, oneminyaka engu-41, uchaza ukuthi uyashintsha phakathi kwe-VPN ukuze asebenzise iWhatsApp, bese eyicisha ukuze athenge amathikithi e-Russian Railways. Uphinde athwale umakhalekhukhwini wesibili ukuze axhumane namakhasimende nge-APP ye-MAX, ehlelelwe uhulumeni. Lolu hlobo lokuphila, oluchazwa njengomthwalo omkhulu, seluvamile phakathi kwezakhamizi ezidinga ukuhamba ezindaweni ezigcwele izingqinamba zedijithali.
Izizathu zokwanda kokulawulwa kwe-inthanethi eRussia
Isikhulumi seKremlin, uDmitry Peskov, sithi lezi zinyathelo ziyadingeka ngenkathi iRussia ibhekene nalokho uhulumeni akuchaza njengokungqubuzana okukhulu neNtshonalanga mayelana ne-Ukraine. Iziphathimandla zikhuthaza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubukhosi bedijithali, zigqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela zaseRussia esikhundleni sezinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle. I-Federal Security Service (FSB), eyalandela i-KGB, iyalele izinkampani zocingo ukuba zicime i-inthanethi yeselula ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene izinsuku eziningi, ngesizathu sokuthi ama-drones ase-Ukraine angayisebenzisa ekuhambeni. Umthetho wokulawula ukuxhumana, i-Roskomnadzor, uvimba noma wehlisa isivinini sokufinyelela ezinkundleni eziningi, ezisoleka ngokuba nokuqukethwe okungekho emthethweni noma okubhekwa njengokuqhumayo.
Kungani ukulawulwa kwedijithali kuthinta ukwesekwa kukaPutin?
Ukungagculiseki nokulawulwa kwedijithali, okuhambisana nokukhuphuka kwamanani, ukunyuswa kwezintela, nokukhathala ngenxa yempi, kunomthelela ekwehleni kwamazinga okwesekwa kukaPutin. Ngokusho kwenhlangano kahulumeni i-VTsIOM, ukwesekwa kukaMongameli kwehle kusuka ku-75,1% ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-65,6% ngo-Ephreli, okungumzamo ophansi kusukela kwaqala ukungqubuzana okubanzi e-Ukraine ngo-2022. Njengamanje, izinombolo zibuyile kancane zaba cishe u-67%. Ukuphazamiseka ekufinyeleleni kwe-inthanethi, okuthinte amabhange, ezokuthutha, nezentengiselwano ze-inthanethi, kucasule abantu ngesikhathi izwe lilungiselela ukhetho lwasePhalamende ngoSepthemba. Ngisho nababhali bezindaba nabathonya abazijwayele ukugwema ezombhangqwana bagxeka lezi zinyathelo.
AmaRussia ayisebenzisa kanjani ama-VPN ukugwema ukuvinjelwa?
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-VPN kukhuphuke kakhulu eRussia. Idatha evela kumeluleki wezezimali i-Digital Budget, njengoba kushiwo ephepheni i-Kommersant, ikhombisa ukuthi ngoMashi bekunama-download angu-9,2 million wezinsizakalo ezintathu ezihamba phambili ze-VPN ku-Google Play Store, isibalo esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-14 kunangonyaka owedlule. USarkis Darbinyan, umshikashiki wenkululeko ye-inthanethi waseRussia ozinze e-Lisbon futhi ohlonzwe njenge-ejenti yangaphandle eMoscow, uthe akakaze abone izinga elinjalo lokwamukelwa. Abasebenzisi abaningi baphinde basebenzise umakhalekhukhwini wesibili ukuze bahlukanise i-APP ye-MAX, ephethwe yinkampani ye-VK, enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe, uhulumeni ayikhuthaza njengenye indlela yezinsizakalo zangaphandle. Umsiki u-Irina, ocele ukukhonjwa ngegama lakhe ngenxa yobucayi bendaba, uchaza umkhuba wokuvula nokuvala ama-VPN nokushintsha phakathi kwama-messenger nomakhalekhukhwini njengento eyisidingo nsuku zonke.
Iqhaza le-APP ye-MAX emkhankasweni wobukhosi bedijithali
I-MAX, eyethulwe ngonyaka owedlule, isivele inabasebenzisi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-85 nsuku zonke, ngokusho kwe-VK ngoMeyi. Iziphathimandla ziye zacindezela amaRussia ukuba asebenzise le nkundla njengengxenye yomkhankaso wobukhosi bedijithali, kodwa abaningi bayabaza. Abagxeki beKremlin nezinye izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zaseNtshonalanga ziyaxwayisa ukuthi i-MAX ingasetshenziswa ukuqapha izakhamizi, icala i-VK eliphika. Ukuze azizwe ephephile, u-Irina ugcina uhlelo kumakhalekhukhwini ohlukile. Imithombo eseduze neKremlin ibike kuReuters ukuthi ngisho nezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezithembekile zisebenzisa ama-VPN futhi zithwala omakhalekhukhwini abaningi, kanti ezinye zikhipha ama-microphone namakhamera kumadivayisi ane-MAX, zesaba ukuthi i-FSB ingawafinyelela.
Ingabe ukusebenzisa i-VPN akukho emthethweni eRussia?
Ngokombiko, ukusebenzisa ama-VPN akukho emthethweni ezweni. Noma kunjalo, i-Roskomnadzor ivimbele ukufinyelela emakhulwini alezi zinsizakalo, idala umdlalo wekati negundane nabasebenzisi, okudingeka balande amathuluzi amasha njalo ukuze bafinyelele okuqukethwe abakufunayo. Ngo-Ephreli, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, amabhange, nabathengisi abakhulu be-inthanethi, belandela imiyalo yomlawuli, baqala ukuvimba abantu abane-VPN evuliwe ukuba bangene kuma-sayithi abo. Lesi sinyathelo sahambisana nokwehla kwe-traffic ngo-10% e-Wildberries, i-Amazon yaseRussia, ngokusho kwe-Digital Budget, ethi abasebenzisi abaningi balahlekelwa isithakazelo sokuthenga lapho bengakwazi ukuvula ikhasi lomkhiqizo.
Umthelela wokuphazamiseka emnothweni nasezthengiselwaneni ze-inthanethi
Umthelela udlulela ngalé kobuhlungu bomuntu. Lapho izinhlelo zokuhamba ziyeka ukusebenza eMoscow ngoMashi, abathumeli be-Flowwow, imakethe ye-inthanethi yezimbali nezipho, kwadingeka basebenzise i-Wi-Fi yabathengisi ukuze balande izindlela eziya kumakhasimende, kusho uYuri Semichastnov, umphathi wezokuthutha kwesayithi. Ukuthengiswa kwemephu zamaphepha kwanda ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili enhloko-dolobha ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka, ngokusho kwedatha ye-Wildberries. Ukuphazamiseka cishe amasonto amathathu eMoscow kwacasula nabaholi bezikhundla eziphakeme abancike ku-inthanethi naku-Telegram ukuze bathole amavoti eqenjini elibusayo i-United Russia, ngokusho kwemithombo emibili eseduze neKremlin nabahlaziyi. UTatiana Stanovaya, umcwaningi omkhulu weCarnegie Russia Eurasia Center, wabhala ngo-Ephreli ukuthi umbuzo akuwona ukuthi umbuso uzoqinisekisa umphumela ofunekayo, kodwa ukuthi inqubo yokhetho izohamba kahle yini.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Ingabe kuphephile ukusebenzisa i-APP ye-MAX?
Abagxeki beKremlin nezinye izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zaseNtshonalanga ziyaxwayisa ukuthi i-MAX ingasetshenziswa ukulandelela abasebenzisi, kodwa i-VK, umnikazi wayo, ukuphika ngokuqinile. AmaRussia amaningi akhetha ukugcina uhlelo lumakhalekhukhwini wesibili ukuze azivikele, kanti ezinye izisebenzi zikahulumeni zikhipha ama-microphone namakhamera emadivayisi ane-MAX.
Ingabe izithiyo ze-inthanethi zizophela?
IKremlin yehlise inhlansi ezinkulumweni emasontweni amanje futhi yaqinisekisa ukuthi ukucishwa kwe-inthanethi yeselula okwesikhashana. Uhlelo lokukhokhisa amakhasimende imali eyengeziwe ngokusebenzisa ama-gigabyte angaphezu kuka-15 edatha yangaphandle ngenyanga lwamiswa ngoMeyi, futhi umphakathi waseRussia ubika ukuthi imfuneko, eqondiswa kubasebenzisi be-VPN, mhlawumbe izokwethulwa ngemva kokhetho. UPutin ucele uhulumeni ne-FSB ukuba basebenze ndawonye ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izinsizakalo ezibalulekile, njengezinkundla zezempilo nezinhlelo zokukhokha ze-inthanethi, zihlala zisebenza.